Mr de Jongh now resident in London left Boudjah with his family when aged 6, during the 1922 disturbances. His father was Edward de Jongh known as ‘Eddie’, born in Buca (Boudjah), and mother Phyllis was from the Peacock family. Despite the tender age of departure he was familiar enough with Boudjah to find his way around the streets when he subsequently visited the village a couple of times later, lastly just after the Second World War. During his visits he would stay at the house of the in-laws in Bornova, the Patersons as he was married to one of the identical twins, Mabel Maud. Mable Maud was known by her nick name ‘Tish’ and together with twin Violet, used to dress in identical clothes and play pranks with people. Violet in turn was known as ‘Blue’, attesting to the colour of clothes she would wear to distinguish her from her sister in pink. Even the father would be confused and used to call them both ‘twin’. Their father, Stanley Borthwick Paterson was a successful chromium miner and despite the government sequestration of his mines in Fethiye (extreme south-west Turkey) in 1935, remained in Turkey till the 60s and then moved and died in England. He never discussed this matter though it must have been traumatic at the time.

 Note: At the public records office library in London there is a file I examined, (FO 406-40) ‘1935-1941 Paterson & Co, claim against Turkish government for compensation in return for appropriation of chrome ore mines’.

Mr de Jongh remembers with affection a brother of Stanley Paterson, Athens resident Harry who died in 1952, and another brother he knew was Eric who died at an old age in London. With the death of Stanley, Eric, in association with Stanley’s son Gerald, ran the business from London through the 1960s.

It seems the ‘original’ Paterson was John Borthwick from Scotland who bought chromium mines in Turkey and sent his son, possibly Douglas Carr to run these mines and whose son was Stanley. From family lore, Edward knows that John Borthwick married a Smyrna lady with the name of Preziosa, whose maiden name was Routh, came from a British family resident in Constantinople with business interests in Persia. Stanley’s mother was Emily from the Rocca family. They have 3 other children, Harry (marries a Maud Fitzgerald, and their daughter in turn marries an Italian diplomat), Winnie and Maud. Winnie married into the Reggio family and had two daughters, Gwen (known as ‘Beeb’ in the Paterson nick name style) and Paola who married Tony Waller and continues to live in Nottinghill Gate, London. Gwen married ‘Bill’ Giraud. William Giraud was a racecourse enthusiast and an annual race cup is still held in his name in Buca racecourse. Bill and Gwen had 4 (2 girls) children, Bernard (banking in Paris) the youngest, Hervé the eldest. Hervé Giraud, who is now in his 60s continues to run the old stud farm in Buca, while also acting as manager in the old family concern of the cotton mill ‘Pamuk mensucat’. Hervé Giraud’s daughter Caroline belongs to one of the wealthiest families in Turkey as she married, in the 1980s, possibly the most eligible bachelor in Turkey at the time, Mustafa Koç, heir to the Koç group of companies.

Audrey, née La Fontaine, married Jeffrey Maltass and had a son from her previous marriage to Bill Giraud, named Alain. The latter died Nov. 2005 in Bornova.

Stanley Paterson has 4 children with Mary Keun; Mable Maud ‘Tish’, Violet ‘Blue’, Gerald and Monica. Monica marries Everett Washburn, whose son Lorin still lives in London.

 Notes: 1- The Bornova Anglican cemetery seems to follow this tree, as the oldest of the 7 graves is that of John Borthwick (1818-1889), Douglas Carr has an acceptable date to be his son (1856-1929) as with his wife, Emily Letitia (1857-1934) and their son Stanley Borthwick’s obituary in ‘Candlesticks’ records his lifetime as having died 1956 aged 74. Harry his brother is listed as having lived 1883-1952.
From the Whittall family tree we see that one of the daughters of John Paterson, Alice, marries a Frederick George Whittall (1849-1897) and together they have 14 children.
2- Later (2005) I received information from a Paterson descendant (through one of the daughters, Monica, of Douglas Paterson), Martin Jennings, with extra information on the Paterson past. John B. Paterson had a brother David and it was their partnership which opened the mines. Preziosa, John Borthwick’s wife, was of English extraction, daughter of the Mr Richard Routh (1809-1867), Consul in Constantinople. J.B.P. came from Leith, the port city of Edinburgh in Scotland. 100 years earlier they had Bannockburn House and a neice of Sir Hugh Paterson was Bonnie Prince Charlie’s mistress Clementine Walkinshaw and it was her daughter, Duchess of Albany, who took care of him in Florence. George I by private Act of Parliament in 1715 (I think), maintained the widow and heirs of Hugh Paterson (J.B.’s grandfather I guess) having forfeited his coal mines following the Jacobite rebellion in Scotland. Gerald Paterson joined up during WW2, and had the misfortune to damage his spine during exercises. Mr Jennings also kindly provided an image of the oil painting of J.B.Paterson, supposedly painted by one of his sons. Borthwick (as in J.B.P.) relates to Borthwick castle. The Borthwicks were historically the cupbearers to the Sinclairs (Rosslyn). Some say that the cup was the chalice. And there is a legend that the Knights Templars who fought at Bannockburn took the surname Paterson.
3- Gwen Giraud, who is the granddaughter of Douglas Paterson (through his daughter Winifred, who married a Reggio), adds that John Paterson was a great traveller, liked Smyrna so much when he visited, he decided to settle there, and before the big house, bought in succession 2 earlier houses. He had a mania for buying and had for example 400 pairs of shoes.

Back in the second half of the 19^th century Richard Abbott was a fine piano player who played duets with Edward’s late wife’s grandmother, Emily Paterson, in the large Paterson house, known as the Grange that had a total of 7 pianos within, 2 grand pianos in the ballroom, 1 in the dining room. Richard Abbott was a popular character as he was part of the ‘musical soirees’ of the community. Edward knows the Abbotts as a prominent family in the Levantine scene that also had a branch in Salonica with extensive land holdings. The ‘Grange’ was sold in the 70s by Gerald Paterson for £10,000 as he was the sole executor, but unfortunately very few of the mementos were kept and passed on to the relatives. Despite a short period of residence there, Edward developed a great love towards the Paterson house, however this affection was not shared by the last generation of the Paterson family. Members of the family would disparagingly refer to the many painting on the walls as ‘these are nothing’, to the dismay of Edward.

 Notes: 1- From the ^p.220 details that in the 1950s Marcelle Russo and Richard G. Abbott (presumably a direct descendant of his namesake) ran a firm exporting a significant amount of corundum powder for the period and later went into the production of synthetic corundum abrasive too. The firm was founded in 1893, but by the time the book was published (1993) it had long since ceased trading. Considering the valuable corundum ore in the area, it seems probable one of the former Levantine houses of Milas, belonged to one (or both) of these families. Edward is aware of the Russo family, and one member (not sure of first name) was the business partner of Harry Giraud.
2- I have scanned a photo showing the Paterson house with 3 youngsters and a fountain in the foreground, in the possession of Donald Whittall, later partner of ‘Tish’. The photo from the clothing of the youngsters on it has an Edwardian (~1910-20s) feel to it, thus the individuals shown may include ‘Tish’ and ‘Blue’, and the older gentleman may be their brother Gerald. Mr Whittall remembers the house still in imposing state when he last visited it around 1940, however the house is now reported to be in a poor condition This is confirmed by the 1983 published book Gateways to the past p.32 of Evelyn L. Kalças as it detailed that the house was last occupied by members of the Paterson family in 1963, pianos removed in 1972 (date of sale?), and in 1973 the 38 room mansion was in the course of partial demolition as it was in the process of conversion in to a carpet factory by the firm Süsler.
Using architectural plans Edward was also able to assist me to draw out the layout of the rooms of the building.

Edward has kept a local Turkish newspaper clipping from 1990 (8-April), showing a photo of the Paterson house, then much altered. It details the sad story under the title ‘the crying mansion: Paterson’, of the demise of the Paterson house, with a photograph of the gutted side wall, one of the few structures still standing after the arson of 1987.

Edward is aware of a small army of staff at the Paterson house, numbering 60 before WWI and down to 18 post WWI, including the Greek cook, Marko he remembers. The use of the rooms was also altered in this period with the long and central room converted to the billiards room, where Stanley would play in the afternoons, and the library was turned in to the dining room. At the far end of this room was the tandour around whose warmth cards were played in the evening. Stanley’s wife Mary’s sister Linda Keun lived in the household and cared for the gardens and farm animals. This included 30-50 turkeys, bought as chicks that were fattened and slaughtered gradually through the year for Sunday lunches. Stanley and his wife’s 2 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms were in the wing of the house where the tower was situated and was a zone effectively out of bounds to all except them. In the garden there were over 100 benches of cast iron, high quality British imports of ‘Cornbrookdale’, each worth around £200 even then, but like all luxuries of the house, they have been lost to time.

Mabel Maud’s mother Mary was from the Keun family, established Levantines with Dutch background. Edward remembers mention of another member of the Keun family, Odette Keun, who was an outstanding journalist during WWI, moved around a lot and mixed in with people from political and influential circles. Though it was hushed up at the time, it was common knowledge that she was the mistress of H.G. Wells (War of the worlds fame), and they shared a hide-away house in Grasse, a town outside Cannes. She later ended up owning the house. She was adventurous, free-spirited and spoke in a Smyrna way, with an accent that mixed in Greek and French words.

 Note: The internet informs us, that although a French writer, Odette Keun (1888-1978) was a Dutch citizen, her father having been charge d’affaires of the Netherlands legation in Constantinople (Istanbul) where she was born. She wrote a whole series of books, such as ‘My Adventures in Bolshevik Russia - 1923’, ‘I discover the English - 1934’, ‘Trumpets bray - 1943’ etc. A good flavour of her adventurous life is provided through an article from a local Tennessee, newspaper on-line:

During the war, ‘Blue’ married Michael Stevens, who became a group captain in the RAF during the Second World War, was awarded a DSO (Distinguished Service Order), 3 DFCs (Distinguished Flying Cross - gallantry in active service while flying) and bar. These were awarded for his exploits during the battle of Britain. Edward spent 2 or 3 weeks with the Stevens when he visited them in Istanbul (1946 or 47), where Mr Stevens worked as the air (military) attaché with the consulate and had become very fluent in Turkish. The couple had 2 children Nigel and Jacqueline, and ‘Blue’ died 4 year ago (2000). The former war hero, Michael later became a director with the firm Rolls-Royce but has unfortunately recently (23 Sept 2004) passed away and his obituary can be seen on-line here.

 Note: A section of this obituary notes: ‘He remained in Turkey for eight months [1941] during which he flew operational patrols along the Bulgarian border. He twice intercepted Italian S-84 reconnaissance aircraft intruding across the border, and shot them down in a Turkish Hurricane, while wearing civilian clothes.’ Clearly there were officials in the Turkish military that well before the end of Turkish neutrality winked at the operations of their ‘unofficial’ allies, something that is not common knowledge even today.

Gerald Paterson had a flat at the fashionable Kinnerton street, Knightsbridge, London, to which Edward moved with his wife ‘Tish’ during WW2. Gerald died sometime in the 1980s.

A common feature of the Paterson household was their love of exaggerations, with fabricated or real stories elaborated over and over, to a point where the truth could no longer be distinguished from the fable. This was all done with a humorous and social frame of mind, a mindset shared by Mrs Paterson, and her children Gerald, Monica and Tish, but not by Blue or Mr Paterson. This gaiety made them very popular in the community, helping them make friends with some amazing people further afield too (Gerald was friendly with the photographer Cecil Beaton), and was not an unusual trait in the Levantine community at the time. Part of this poking fun spirit involved placing unwanted guests in a room reputed to be haunted. Edward recalls one day sitting out in the garden with one of the children, when the wife of a business associate (the Dowers according to Gwen Giraud) came to sit beside him. She had just spent the night in that room and expressed that she was not very happy with the atmosphere, even though they were on their honeymoon, and heard ‘queer noises’ during the night. Edward then repeated this to Monica Washburn, and she confirmed she had deliberately placed the lady in this room above the kitchen as she was aware of these noises.

 Notes: 1- According to Paterson descendant Lorin Washburn, the riddle has a simple explanation. ‘The room in question was my mother’s bedroom after 1938 when my father died. Yes it did have noises and if one did not know from where they came I have no doubt someone could well be scared. Below that bedroom was part of the kitchen and part was the boiler house. The boiler house was very old fashioned and was tended by the ‘Kavas’ who shoveled coal into it at various times of the day and even late into the evening. This old boiler made the most incredible noises and well into the night. In the quiet of the night these odd noises were magnified and anyone not knowing their source would no doubt be terrified! Especially if at dinner the night before and after several rakis he/she had been told of ghosts etc.’
2- A book in Edward’s possession, ‘Ionia - a quest’ (her travels in the west coast of Turkey in 1952, visiting a total of 55 ruined sites, pub. 1956), written by Dame Freya Stark, one of the many visitors to the Paterson household, describes a fictional British expatriate family, but according to Edward, the characteristics of the family members so closely resemble those of the Patersons, they are probably based on this real family, with all the names changed. However Edward cannot be certain, as Ms Stark may have also stayed with other Levantines in Smyrna for her draw inspiration from. More details of this lady here:

Stanley Paterson would normally come down 3 times a week from Bornova to his offices in the city, and the day to day running of operations was dealt with his manager, the Izmir Levantine from the Mainetti family. The Patersons had a country house near Fethiye, where Stanley would go occasionally to oversee the mining operations, however the later generations never went there. Within Fethiye town there was a street name Paterson, showing them to be big players in the area once.

During the return visits Mr de Jongh was able to re-establish friendly relationships with Levantines still living in Buca, and knew well many of the former residents who like him had made Athens their new home.

In Athens Edward went to the ‘High school’, an offshoot of the British high school for boys in Istanbul, but a smaller ‘strange’ establishment with no more than 12 mixed sex students. This was established in around 1923 by one of the masters of the latter school, the middle aged Mr Metcalfe who was married to an Istanbul Anglo-Levantine, a formerly Miss Bond, whose 2 brothers had also made a move to Athens. Edward can not remember the first name of the wife who didn’t look or sound English, unlike Mr Metcalfe. They had a son, John, who lived in Cheltelham, England, and used to visit them in the summers in the early 1930s. Mr Metcalfe with his mitre and cloak was able to impress Edward’s mother, but in reality the school was somewhat disorganised, and Edward’s education was ‘disjointed’. The situation was compounded by the stressful family atmosphere brought on by the now economically trying times. The school stopped functioning well before the Second World War, and the building is lost to the Athens sprawl.

 Note: There is an Albert Mayor Metcalfe buried in Athens Anglican cemetery (died aged 63, 1935), whose name sounded right to Edward. The 2 Bond names recorded in the same on-line listing are almost certainly from the same above named family. According to a fellow researcher, Jochen Schrader (on his ancestor, Friedrich Schrader and family), the Bonds were apparently of Scottish origin and worked for the Ottoman Bank for several generations, based in Pera, Constantinople.

In Athens Mr de Jongh worked with his father Eddie, for his grandfather, Henry de Jongh, who left Smyrna shortly after the fire and set up the first hosiery factory in Greece in the mid 20s. The company name was ‘Lais’ (woman in Greek mythology sentenced to death, but saved by her beauty). Mr and Mrs de Jongh left Athens before it fell into German hands in 1941, in a convoy of 3 refugee ships, commandeered by the British embassy, which took 3 days to reach Egypt. Edward had received a phone call from the embassy advising him to leave on these ships, knowing he would be interred by the Germans, as he had volunteered and was known as an anti-Nazi. However on the second day food on board ran out, and docking at the wharf-side in Alexandria, Mr de Jongh remembers people and soldiers on the pier throwing up to outstretched hands cans of food, and he personally opened a can of meat to present it to his grateful wife. During the Second World War Mr de Jongh served with the free Netherlands forces based mostly in England. After the war the unfavourable business conditions in Greece makes him leave the country after 2 years, spends 3 months in Izmir and in 1947 emigrates with his wife to Australia to join his parents where he works for the Dutch airline KLM till the 60s. Nostalgia forces a reluctant European return.

Of the former Anglo community of Buca he knew Oswald Barker, Mr Parkinson known as ‘Parky’ who worked for a tobacco company and who with his wife Winnie used to attend the many parties that was part of the social scene of Buca. Mr Walter Pengelley who worked for a tobacco company, emigrated to Rhodesia in the 1940s and with the experience in the tobacco trade he gained in Turkey, became a tobacco farmer there. In response to Edward commenting Pengelley did not sound like an English name, he was told it was of Cornish origin. Walter Pengelley also persuaded his nephew, who Edward met, but has forgotten his first name, a Stevenson (a British family also long resident in Boudjah) to go the Rhodesia together to become tobacco growers there.

Mrs Haydee Rees, was a Giraud and married the principal member of the Rees family, Johnnie, and together moved to South Africa during the war and later to Alexandria in Egypt. After her husband died she married one of the Barkers in Alexandria and with the Suez problems they moved to Lisbon. The last he heard the second husband had also died and she lived in London and has recently died. Haydee Rees’s daughter from her first marriage, Joan, married George Gordon, who was youngest of the sons of that generation. Mother and daughter were later to live near each other in Portugal. Joan currently lives on the Isle of Man. Joan’s brother Tom (Thomas Bowen) has researched his family background in detail and has publish a book on its history in 2003.

Mr de Jongh was also friendly with the couple Willie and Daphne Alberti, who lived in a house in Buca, quite close to the ‘Konak’ which was the name given by the community to the police station. Hence the house was also known as the ‘Konak house’. A former de Jongh house, where Mr de Jongh lived till he was 3 and his father was born, Mr de Jongh still has a drawing of it in his possession. According to information Edward got from his parents this house also hosted Lord Byron early in the 19th century, and like he seems to have done elsewhere, carved his name on the wall, that remained there for a good while but by the time Edward was born the room had been decorated and re-plastered. However on reflection Edward believes Lord Byron stayed in the house next door, the Gordon house, now the location of the riding school. Though Lord Byron had the same surname as this family he probably was not related. He wrote 2 poems there, ‘the Myrtle…’ and the Greek titled ‘Ela stoperivoli Haydee’ [come into the garden Haydee]. Edward feels either the Gordon house or the Konak house was probably the former Werry house, a family to which the Rees family are related. Edward also suspects that possibly it was Henry de Jongh’s father who bought the house from the Werrys and later it was sold on to the Alberti family. Around 20 years ago the Albertis vacated this house and moved to Rome where Daphne Alberti who is still alive, had a mother with a home.

 Note: The drawing of the Alberti house has features almost identical with the Baltacci (later Ispartaliyan) residence that is now a school. However the second tier had an all round balcony not present with the Baltacci house. The front ornamental pool feature is also similar in design apart from having a fountain feature on a pedestal rather than a statue as was still standing within the school. The similarities suggest a similar period of building.

The building today still exists, but the fountain feature was removed by Daphne Alibert’s mother, Ruby (nee Whittall) Zandonati (last member of that family, and a person Edward is friendly with), to her house in Bornova in the 1970s where it might still be.

 Note: Whittall family tree shows that Ruby Gladys Whittall (born 1907) married first Gerald Wookey, who is the father of Daphnee Aliberti, and her second marriage was with Rodolfo de Zandonati.

Mr de Jongh living in Athens knew many of the émigrés from Boudjah, such as the Forbes who had moved to the neighbourhood of Kifissia just before the fire in the early 20s, ‘lock stock and barrel’ and built themselves an English style stately home complete with stag heads on the walls. Edward remembers seeing the couple frequently, however he had no real conversation with them as they were older than him and mixed in different circles. They had no children. The later widowed Mrs Forbes lived in America during the war. Their yacht was one of the sea going vessels, such as Greek steamers used by the British embassy in the evacuation of British citizens in Athens ahead of the advancing German columns. However the Germans caught up with the yacht as it lay in harbour on the Aegean island of Milos (half way between Athens and Crete) and watched by people from land including Forbes’s family friend, Lulu Keyser, was dive-bombed by Stukas and sunk, thus stranding the passengers on the island before inhabitants who saw the affair from a neighbouring island rescued them. History does not record whether the crew were on board the yacht and if they were killed by the bombs or if any diplomatic papers being carried also went down with the craft. Within a year (1941), Lulu had reached British-controlled Cairo and later after much difficulty due to war time conditions, joined Mrs Forbes in Washington. The Forbes travelled frequently, always together, and spent the war years in Canada and USA. The Scottish David Forbes died in his 70s, sometime after WWII, but Edward does not know when or where, but is certain it was not in Greece.

 Note: From the Internet we learn the Anglo-Greek defeat was rapid, German invasion started on the 6th of April 1941, by the 27th Athens was occupied and by the 11th of May the occupation of the Greek islands in the Aegean was complete. However from the account above, it seems minor islands like Milos were overlooked.

The Keysers were a well-to-do family who sent their boys to King’s College, Canterbury (top Anglican church school of Britain) for training. Lulu Keyser’s aunt Agnes was a nurse matron who at one time was the girlfriend of Queen Victoria’s eldest son Edward who succeeded her. As a result of this affection in the late Victorian era, Prince Edward (king 1901-19) built her a hospital, and still known as the King Edward VIIth Hospital in London and still patronised by the privileged and royalty. Edward believes there is still a plaque and photo of this Keyser within the hospital.

 Note: The full title of this hospital includes Agnes Keyser’s name and recently a book has been published under ‘Edward VII’s last loves – Alice Keppel and Agnes Keyser – by Raymond Lamont-Brown, Sutton publishing – 1998’. A synopsis of this book gives us a glimpse of the circumstances, ‘... fun-loving Prince of Wales, the future Edward VII. Agnes Keyser, daughter of a prominent member of the Stock exchange, defied social expectations by not marrying, instead becoming involved in hospital charity work. Her twelve-year relationship with the king was much less in the public eye, but was just as important.’ Details on:

When Lulu Keyser died of cancer in her 80s, the property in Athens was inherited by her sister Elsie. Nephew Teddy Whittall asked Mr de Jongh to keep an eye on the place while trying to sell house and contents. The rare and valuable heads of stags shot at various Turkish and Caucusus mountains went as a bargain to a Greek gentleman, however Mr de Jongh was able to rescue a battered photograph album, still in his possession, though he doesn’t know when the faded photos were taken. However the locations are marked in pencil and are spread across a geography that included Ephesus, Smyrna, Constantinople, the Boudjah road, Dardanelles, Sokia (location of one of his liquorice plants), Zonguldak (coal mining centre on the Black Sea), Alexandretta (Iskenderun, a port near Syria and another liquorice plant site), Rhodes, lake Lugano in Switzerland, Beirut, Batum, the military road in Georgia, Baku and Grozny, Mytilini, the Black Sea showing how extensively Mr Forbes travelled in pursuit of his business interests, pleasure and hunting. Note: There is a slight possibility that the Georgia trip was done at the instigation of the British Foreign office, worried about the power vacuum left there by the collapse of Russian control post WWI (if that is the period of the photographs). The Boudjah photograph shows the railway line snaking in the empty foreground and a small village that Boudjah was in the second half of the 19th century or early 20th. There is a revealing set of 6 photographs showing the port of Smyrna with the bay full of ships and one annotated in the slightly incorrect Turkish of ‘Bucali’ for the road leading up to Boudjah. There is a distinct possibility that some of these photos were taken before David Forbes’ time possibly by his father (William?) or even his grandfather (Edward? George King?). A series of Baku photographs showing long lines of men in traditional tunics celebrating the festival of Muharrem (first month of the Muslim year), points to a time before the Bolshevik revolution came to the region in 1921, after which such religious displays would have almost certainly been banned. The Sokia (Söke) photographs are particularly interesting as they show the shed like buildings that was the liquorice factory there as well as an attractive house showing the Forbes had more in property than their Boudjah house. The lady visible in many of the photos in long dress and hat attire, helping to roughly date the picture (1890-1914?), is probably his wife.

 Notes: 1- My recent investigation in to the Sokia factory shows that the old people remember the property being pulled down long ago, that was in the outskirts of the town, however the neighbourhood, now ‘Kemal Paşa’, is still unofficially known as the ‘Forbes mahallesi’. It is interesting to note that the nearby high street of Şirinyer was until recently known as ‘Forbes yolu’, a name the population still prefers.
2- We know more about the history of the Forbes concern through the research of Melih Gürsoy, detailed in his book ‘Bizim İzmiriz [Our Izmir] - 1993’ p.65: ‘...one of the first firms to process liquorish extract was the English owned Mac Andrews and Forbes company. The first factory was set up in 1854 in Aydın, and years following further factories were established in Nazilli, Kuşadası and Söke, and the dried extract was exported from Smyrna. For 15-20 years these steam powered factories worked without competition, but in 1875 an Armenian merchant by the name of Abacıoğlu, with a pair of factories of his in Aydın and Söke. By paying a higher price to the villagers he was able to compete, and rejected the initial offers of partnership by the Forbes concern. Facing with this, the Forbes Company went for internal reorganization, cutting costs as a result, cutting Abacıoğlu’s exports to Europe, but he still had a market in America. In 1881 the US government to protect its own liquorish processors increased the import tax by 20 cents per kilo of extract. So the Forbes Company with the ease of being an English company set up a factory in New York, something beyond the power of Abacıoğlu which soon ended its operations completely. In 1879 the Ottoman government abolished its tax on liquorish export, allowing Forbes to expand further with a new factory in Aydın. The coal used in the factories was also mined by the same company, and the excess of mining at Nazilli and Söke was sold to other industries at Smyrna. However in the 1880s problems taxation and profit sharing with regional governments had a damaging effect with the 1889 crop mostly lost through rot through these delays. The second rival to the Forbes company arose in 1886 by a German company which to ensure supplies rented a bunch of fields for 9 years, and exported to Germany successfully the liquorish paste. Forbes Company sent a communication to the British Ambassador in Constantinople with the plea that British interests would suffer if this rival was to gain success. While it is not clear if the Embassy took head of this warning, 2 weeks after this communication 200 armed men raided the German firm’s warehouse, killing 2 guards and wounding a further 11, destroying all stock in the process. This crippling blow folded the company soon after. The Forbes Company was again without competition, increasing its operation all the time, but was faced by new competition in Tsarist Russia. This resulted in Forbes eventually abandoning its operations in Turkey, and though these factories were bought by Turkish concerns they soon had to abandon this business as well.’
3- From web sites we know a bit more about the firm: ‘Two Scots, Edward MacAndrew and William Forbes, traveled to Turkey in 1850, where they established the firm of MacAndrew & Forbes. Within a short time they built a licorice-extracting factory in Sochia. In 1870 James C. MacAndrew, David Forbes, and Alexander Geddes established an American firm by the same name in Newark, New Jersey, where they built another such factory. The firm became MacAndrews & Forbes Co. in 1902, following the purchase of Mellor & Rittenhouse Co., a licorice-extracting firm with a plant on the Delaware River in Camden, New Jersey. The merged company closed its Newark facility and moved to this location.’ - archive photo of this factory, late 1920s, early 30s period:
4- In Oct 2007 the following information was received from a descendant, Mr Richard MacAndrew of Reading, UK, who has done a considerable amount of work on his family’s genealogy. ‘I was not aware of my family’s involvement in the liquorish trade in the Levant until recently, when a researcher, Luigi Piccioni, sent me information on this subject. I did not know that my ancestors were involved in the liquorish trade nor that some of them based themselves in Turkey over 150 years ago and for a time, and in a partnership with the Forbes which survived till around 1910, dominated the world sector. I can provide some background information on this generation and their forefather’s activities that may provide clues. In 1770 a William MacAndrew moved from Elgin in the north of Scotland to London where he established a fruit importing firm. After his death in 1819 the firm was run by two of his sons, William Peter (1790-1871) and Robert (1802-1873). The firm continued to import fruit (mainly oranges) from the Iberian peninsula. However in 1854 there was a disagreement between the brothers, leading to a split. Following this, Robert MacAndrew formed his own company that was engaged more in shipping, mostly to and from Iberia. This concern had many offices in Spain and Portugal where various members of the family were placed to oversee affairs, including for a time his eldest son, William Edward (1833-1905 - photo). It was this ‘Edward’, together with his father, who formed the partnership with David Forbes that became the MacAndrews and Forbes Company in the Levant. I do not know of the circumstances how the paths of these men crossed. One possibility is through Edward’s father, Robert’s scientific connections. Robert was an early Victorian scientist, a member of the Royal Society and was well travelled. His mentor in his study of sea shells was the well known natural historian Edward Forbes. However, Edward Forbes does not appear to be any relation of David Forbes. Nonetheless Edwards Forbes did spend time in Smyrna and that region of Turkey engaged in scientific research. Another family connection is that a William Forbes (d. 1917) married one of William Edward MacAndrew’s younger sisters, Eliza Anne (1840-1924), with whom he had 2 children, Harold Forbes MacAndrew (1864-1916, no children) and Eliza MacAndrew who married in 1906 and died 1914 without children. I do not know anything of David Forbes’ marriage or offspring / descendants.
5- Evidence of [David?] Forbes’s involvement in horse racing and his use of his contacts in Aleppo and region to obtain the best Arabian horses are viewable in this archive book: My quest of the Arabian Horse.
6- Google book sample viewable here shows that post the American take-over of the MacAndrews and Forbes company in 1902, ‘...the company maintained the elaborate organization it took over for the purchase and treatment of the root and even extended its operations within the Ottoman Empire maintaining its headquarters in Izmir and equipping its factories there with modern hydraulic machinery’.

All these photos almost certainly predate the Forbes’ move to Athens in around 1920, after which the business was run by his men on the ground. During the 1930s a wide range of foreign visitors came to Mr Forbes, virtually all non-Levantines. The only major exception was Mr Rudolf Fidao, a close friend who shared his interest in hunting. He was an Austrian and had married May Whittall (1903) and some of their 6 offspring were friends of Edward.

 Note: Edward believes the Fidao name is Spanish in origin, but I learned from Rudolf Fidao’s granddaughter, Denise Outlaw, that it is Italian as the family came from Trieste, and had Austrian nationality as it was then part of the Austrian empire. One of the small islands off-shore Trieste, is still heavily populated by Fidaos, a word roughly meaning faithful. The family were originally ship builders, and in Smyrna Rudolf had tobacco plantations that traded under the name of F. Fidao and Co., so probably established by his father Frederick Fidao, who married Isabel Browning the sister of the famous Victorian poet Robert Browning. The powerful American tobacco company tried to buy off Rudolf, but he was a man who cherished his independence, so the sale never happened. During WWII, Rudolf and May Fidao stayed in Athens during the evacuation, but were later able to escape to India. This was also the period when the tobacco business essentially ended. One of Rudolf’s sons, the now late Richard was able to trace the family tree back to the 18th century, but couldn’t go back any further as the records kept in the Trieste, church had burnt down long ago. Mrs Outlaw was able to confirm that Rudolf did indeed participate in Mr Forbes’ boar hunting expeditions in Albania, as Rudolf’s brother, ‘uncle Fritz’ had his Linz home decorated with boar and other animal trophy heads - further information on the Fidao name and family.

Mr de Jongh’s book case contains a collection of books showing Mr Forbes was well read. Unlike the false airs of many other Levantines, David Forbes was a true intellectual, and those books still in Edward’s possession all have a sticker on the inside cover bearing his name with a logo. The oldest book is ‘History of the Turks – Richard Knolles, 1638’, and other treasures include:
 The diary of Henry Teonge – chaplain on board H.M.s ships assistance, Bristol and Royal Oak 1675-1679, pub 1927,
 Discoveries in Asia Minor by the Rev. F.V.J. Arundell, British Chaplain at Smyrna, in two volumes, London 1834,
 Under the Turk in Constantinople, a record of Sir John Finch’s Embassy 1674-1681 by G.F. Abbott (author of ‘Turkey in transition’, ‘Turkey, Greece and the Great Powers’ etc.), London 1920 - segment,
 Modern Greek in Asia Minor by R.M. Dawkins, M.A. Cambridge 1916,
 Blood and oil in the Orient by Essad-bey translated from the German by Elsa Talmey, London 1931,
 Ancient Smyrna – a history of the city from the earliest times to 324 A.D., by Cecil John Cadoux, Oxford 1938, -segment-
 Early voyages and travels in the Levant 1-The diaries of Master Thomas Dallam 1599-1600 2- Extracts from the diaries of Dr. John Covel 1670-1679 with some account of the Levant company of Turkey merchants ed J. Theodore Bent FSA, FRGS, printed by the Hakluyt society, 1818
 The soul of a Turk by Victoria de Bunsen with eight full page illustrations reproduced from photographs, London 1910.
The principal navigations voyages traffiques & discoveries of the English nation; made by sea or overland to the remote and farthest distant quarters of the earth at any time within the compass of these 1600 years – by Richard Hakluyt, vol 1, 3, 6 & 10 – J.M. Dent & Sons Limited, 1927
Turkey in travail, the birth of a new nation – Harold Armstrong – Jane Lane the Bodley Head Ltd. – London, 1925
A knight errand in Turkey – Arthur Oakstone – Greening & Co. Ltd. – London, 1908
Consul in the East - A.C. Wratislaw – William Blackwood and sons - 1924 -segment-

Mr Forbes also had a good collection of paintings in good taste, such as the ‘Napolitan water colours’, 2 of which are now in the possession of Edward’s son Nicholas. Mr Forbes was the most prominent Englishman in Athens and probably the wealthiest. He was no longer involved in the day to day running of his liquorice empire. Previously Mr de Jongh jokingly mused that the horns of the stag heads were a perfect disguise to smuggle gold pounds out of Turkey, which other Levantines did not find amusing. How these Levantine families were able to ship out their funds is a mystery to this day. However he knows of a prominent case of a less well-to-do Levantine arrested for sewing a few gold coins into his shoes, which were duly confiscated. This gentleman was of Italian nationality and was married to Iris Whittall, Eddie Whittall’s eldest daughter. Because of the poor job done in concealment by his Turkish shoemaker friend, they left Turkey just before the Second World War in complete poverty to Italy where family fortunes turned from bad to worse. Iris Whittall is a year older than Mr de Jongh and continues to live in a care home in Wales.

 Note: From the ‘Whittall’ family tree, we are informed that the daughter of Edward Sidney Whittall, Iris’s (b.1914) first marriage was to Yvo Issaverdens (d.1943) who may have had Italian nationality but was from ‘Persian Catholic’ background.

20 years ago in Greece Mr de Jongh met Christopher Tower, whose father used to work for the British Embassy in Istanbul. Christopher was fortunate enough to inherit several fortunes, had a flat overlooking the Acropolis, being gay never married, was a poor writer but could afford to have his novels published and revelled in the image. He also had an impressive collection of prints and paintings of old Istanbul. Since Mr de Jongh lost touch with him he doesn’t know what became of this collection. About 3 years ago (1999) he heard Mr Tower had died in England. There is a youthful pen sketch of Cynthia, the mother of Christopher Tower, Edward was told belongs to her, as she was a beauty in her day and modelled for the pre-Raphaelites. Years later Edward was able to recognise the same portrait sold as a post-card in the shop of the Tate Gallery and the painting was performed by Herbert, a well known painter. A de Jongh married into the Tower family in Istanbul and their descendants live in the USA.

Another Levantine writer was Mr Ray Turrell who wrote a book on Smyrna, which was republished in England, in the last 10 years. Mr de Jongh suspects the publication was financed through the gentleman. He had met him during the war years in London, though his wife was closer to Mr Turrell who was a close relation of the Whittalls. Mr de Jongh believes this former Bornova gentleman is now dead. The title of the book is ‘Scrap Book 1809-1922’, published in the UK in 1987, dealing with the history of the Bornova community, with a series of vignettes of life in the village, accompanied by pen and ink drawings - segment.

Mr Charles Missir a gentleman of Persian origin lived in Boudjah and was alive in 1922. He was a merchant in dried fruit, owned the Opera house and theatres in the city and was married to an Austrian lady, Julia Heller, with whom he sired 4 daughters. Of these Hilda married Henry de Jongh (son of Henry de Jongh, Edward’s uncle), she later died in Belgium and he in England and they are survived by a daughter, Marian (Verkerk). Winnie married William Parkinson ‘Parky’ and had two children, named Charles and Anne. Elsie married the aristocratic Baron Eugene Aliotti from Boudjah, and had a son, Richard, now resident in America. The youngest, Mollie married an American, William Martin with whom she has 3 daughters and now lives in the USA.

 Note: Mr Livio Missir, resident in Belgium confirmed the above details and added that Charles James Missir who became a naturalised American, was born in Boudjah in 1869, died there 1927, married in 1903 Julia Heller (1883-1964), ran the firm ‘Fig Packers’, 2 ice factories, and ‘Theatre de Smyrne’ on the waterfront. Businesses and theatre were heavily affected by the 1922 fire and after his death the fig business passed on to a Turkish gentleman ‘Riza’. The remains of the theatre house were finally pulled down in 1950.

Edward has a relatively recent Greek newspaper (TA Nea) cutting showing the photograph of this former Smyrna opera house, and according to the text, this building built in 1917 had an interior that was an exact replica of the Paris opera house in miniature. Edward reflects that the Bornobat and Boudjah communities never seem to have frequented this venue, presumably a result of snobbish isolation.

 Note: Views of the elaborate interior of the Paris opera house can be seen in the web site:

A first cousin of Baron Eugene Aliotti was Joe Aliotti who became quietly rich through the 1930s and 40s whose son Flavio had to go into hiding in Greece during World War II following Italy’s defeat, later returning to Italy in the late 40s. His first cousin, also called Flavio Aliotti emigrated from Smyrna to Australia in the late 50s, and later returned to Italy. The Aliottis were a numerous family and some of the names Edward remembers are Guidio who married a Smyrna girl, and Maria, whose husband died early. Edward would tease members of the Aliotti family saying that they were not Italians, but from Chios, thus the name ‘allos Chiotis’ (Greek for another from Chios). Chios unlike many Aegean islands was a Genoese not Venetian possession prior to Ottoman rule, and the Greek corruption may have been assigned to this Latin family then. Edward is also aware that there was in the past an Aliotti club in Punta, and this is referred to in the classic book covering the Greek catastrophe of 1922, by the Izmir born author Dido Sotiriou, ‘Farewell Anatolia’.

 Note: As a classic piece of historical drama, the book has spawned the “Dido Sotiriou” cultural prize, which is awarded every year to a foreign or Greek writer whose work promotes communication between peoples and cultures through cultural diversity. Ms. Sotiriou was awarded in 1990 Greece’s highest honour for a writer, the prize of the Athens academy, but recently (Sept 23 2004) passed away aged 95 and there are a few on-line obituaries.

Mr de Jongh has 2 original prints, one showing the mountain beyond Buca, Nifdağ, (looking onto Bornova where good cherries used to grow), originally in the possession of his father’s brother, Brian de Jongh, who died 20 years ago and given as a gift to him by the writer and friend, Steven Runciman, an authority on the crusades (‘A history of the crusades – Cambridge - 1951-54’).

 Notes: 1- Percy Brian de Jongh (1912-1977) was the youngest of Henry and Dora’s offspring
2- On closer examination I disagree that the print depicts Nif mountain, as the far too steep craggy heights with a settlement in the foreground and what appear to be the remnants of a castle wall on the lower slopes, points to Sipylus mountain with Magnesia (Manisa – a town 32 km to the NE of Izmir) in the foreground, to view.

The second shows the harbour of Smyrna in the 17th century, with Dutch text, given by Paola Bradley, a de Jongh descendant. Edward feels that Brian de Jongh is the only Smyrna Levantine writer worthy of merit who published the ‘Companion guide to Southern Greece’ in 1972 that he still retains a copy of and he feels is still readable and relevant today. Brian de Jongh also left behind a series of photos printed on ‘roll paper’, which are unfortunately unmarked, but I have partly scanned and re-established some of the locations from my knowledge of the sites of present day Izmir, such as the distinctive Roman aqueduct over Yeşildere, Alsancak station, Boudjah railway line, Boudjah station, old Boudjah (possibly) and old Smyrna. The images captured in these photos seem to be too old for Brian de Jongh’s time and are probably an inheritance from his father Henry de Jongh or grandfather Edward Purser. Like many of the British residents of the city, Brian de Jongh was an intelligence officer in Smyrna and Egypt all through the war.

 Note: From an on-line archive newspaper, the London Gazette 20-July-1943, we see that part of Brian de Jongh’s cover for these operations seems to have been a ‘clerk at the British consulate, Smyrna’, and it was clearly this period in which he acquired his British citizenship.

The Germans had nothing to compare with this extensive intelligence network, however the German ambassador to Turkey, Franz von Papen, was allowed to operate in his own capacity, not a Nazi, but a German of the old school who had visions he could take over power in Germany by turning a blind eye on all activities. Finally through Brian de Jongh, Edward has inherited lithographs cut long ago from books, almost certainly given in that condition to Brian, featuring the depiction of various Ottoman palace officials. One shows an ‘Ich oglan’ [palace eunuch?] and the latter, a palace official, named Baltacı, in charge of the princes held in the Ottoman palace.

Mr de Jongh’s great grandfather was the railway engineer, Edward Purser (Henry de Jongh senior married his daugher Dora Purser) and in Mr de Jongh’s possession is an extract of the list of merchants who banded together to commission a portrait painting of this influential engineer, ‘painted by Mr G.E. Tuson’. The now framed list (32) is an indicator of the powerful Levantines of the time, including: Charlton Whittall, J.B. Patterson, W. Forbes (David’s father), Jack F. Hanson, Robert Cumberbatch, T.B. Rees, James & Edward McCraith, P.R. Gout, C. Van Lennep, A. Barker, S.J. Cooke, W. Mirzan, F. Papworth, J. D’Allesio, W. Shotton, W. Scott Ferguson, H. Fotherby, J. Waster, and a few Greek and Armenian names. The fate of the portrait is something of a mystery though last he heard it was tucked away in somebody’s cellar. Strangely the portrait was very disliked by all members of the family and Mr de Jongh regrets that virtually none of the Levantines of today take pride or interest in their past. He is aware that Jack Hanson’s namesake son was also involved in railways. The junior was a friend and frequent guest of Mr de Jongh’s parents’ house. Jack Hanson jr had 2 daughters as Edward recalls, one named Doreen (slightly older than Edward) who later married, and the whole family left Smyrna with the hospital ship the ‘Maine’, after which he doesn’t know where they went.

 Note: There is a Hanson family tree viewable in the British museum library, but there are no details of the Smyrna branch of this family, which possibly the above named persons represented, viewable here:. However the Hanson of Smyrna, a James is mentioned in the family papers partially transcribed here, but the fact that he only had daughters suggests that Jack Hanson was not of this line, or not even related.

Edward however has a photo of Edward Purser with wife and 2 young girls (presumably Sarah and Frances “Anna”) at their feet, taken in front of the farmhouse on land in Aziziye he owned. Mr Purser came to Turkey in his early 40s and estimating the age of the children in the photo, Mr de Jongh estimates an age of 47 for Mr Purser and since we know his birth date from his tombstone, an estimate for the date of the photo is 1868. Edward Purser and wife Sophia had 3 children, eldest Dora who is the grandmother of Edward, Anna who married Edgar Giraud and Sara who married Donald Andrus and went to Canada.

 Note: The ‘Whittall’ family tree informs us that Anna Purser married Edgar Giraud (1871-1950), had 9 children from this union, and died 1946.

Mr Purser was known as ‘Monsieur’ by the train drivers in respectful manner, pronounced in a Turkish style of mösyö, though he had odd habits such as walking on the railway line all the way from Boudjah where he had a second house to Smyrna, though no harm came of it as the drivers knew the time he would do this walk. Edward Purser also had a nephew, James who was also involved with the railways.

Edward Purser also features in an oil painting (painter unknown), now in the possession of a descendant, Andrew Bradley, depicting a day trip to the ruins of Ephesus with an entourage of camels and donkeys.

The Purser family past is well documented. John Purser, a brewer, was born in Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire around 1730. He composed a recipe for black beer or porter which became famous in later years in Ireland as Guinness Stout. In early life he moved to London. Around 1776, after being widowed, he went to Dublin with his three sons and got employment as a “journeyman brewer”. On a trip to Cork in 1781 he fell ill and died before reaching his destination. His son John (Primus) and grandson John (Secundus) who both worked in the Arthur Guinness firm eventually became partners in 1820. The family continued the partnership for 3 generations, however the last generation, like his father and grandfather named John Purser (Tertius), objected to Sunday drinking in pubs as he was a religious man. As a result he left the business, and the Pursers’ later venture into flour milling ended in failure. It was this John Purser’s brother Edward who chose an engineering profession and who is described above. Mr de Jongh has in his possession pen drawings of all these 4 Pursers done by John Purser’s (Tertius) niece Sarah Purser who was an accomplished artist and who specialised in painting on glass and portraits. Ms Purser also did a portrait of Maud Gonne, the Irish heroine whom she knew well, and a copy of which Edward has. Sarah Purser (1848-1943) was very much within the scene of the Irish revival, and knew many of the prominent players such as W. B. Yeats, one of the leading English language poets, and his younger brother Jack Butler Yeats, a leading Irish painter of the 20^th century.

A British family Mr de Jongh knew were the Peartrees who were involved in tobacco and lived in Boudjah. The wife, from the Bornova Kramer family, Marie-Louise moved to Athens and later to America, the country of her by then late husband, where her daughter lived. Like many of the old families they had (sold about 10 years ago) a summerhouse in Çeşme (~90 km to the west of the town), though then always referred to by all in its Greek name of ‘Lice’. Mr de Jongh believes this Levantine tradition and some of the old folk there in the summer still haven’t died away.

A former Boudjah resident was Mr Guiffray who had married a Werry, and Mr de Jongh met them years later during the 1930s in their villa to the place they had emigrated to and later died at, Mytilene [archive views], the capital of the Greek island of Lesbos. The Guiffray villa was large, old and rather neglected, typical of the residences in the old residential part of the town of a rich community that had mostly emigrated to Athens by then. Former fellow Smyrna resident Nat Barker who was related maternally to the Werrys, lived between his wanderings (in a small cumbersome fishing craft) in a ‘packing box’ outside the villa. Nat Barker was a cousin to Oswald Barker and cousin to Willie Rees, was an ‘amusing character’ who lived in Greece for a while and married an Irish girl, Moira whom he had met in Mytilene, but died after the war. During the war Nat Barker served in the British army as a major, later he bought a decent yacht and with it enjoyed his passion for the sea by sailing the Aegean. He later took a job with a Greek ship owner and remarried a Greek girl and Willie Rees assisted in the raising of their son. 15 years ago (late 1980s) Mr Nat Barker died of cancer in London.
While in Mytilene Edward stayed with Ilias and Gladys Elliapoulos, in their smaller but ‘superb’ villa situated end of the harbour, with a view of the sea and Turkey beyond. Gladys was a La Fontaine from Smyrna, and ‘uncle’ Ilias was a charming wealthy Greek formerly with extensive properties in the fertile Turkish heartland of Manisa, well educated English speaker accepted as an equal by the Levantine community. He had moved to Greece in the 1st official transfer of population, between 1918 and 1922 ensuring he got a lot of property north of Athens. There he built a modern villa, next to the Olympic stadium, with a superb view of the Acropolis. Their children, Chris (eldest), Eddie and Daphne were more Greek spoken.
Harry Paterson was yet another Smyrna gentleman to buy a villa in Mytilene around 1918-20, a beautiful property on the seafront with statues dotted around the garden, and with his wife Maud lived there happily till they moved in the early 1930s to Athens, where they bought a villa in the smartest part of the town. Edward’s late wife ‘Tish’ and twin sister ‘Blue’ stayed in this house as young children for a few years, sent there by the family to escape the turmoil in Smyrna around the time of 1922. By the time of Edward’s first visit to Mytilene, the Patersons had already moved, and their villa was pointed out to him.
Edward’s second visit to Mytilene was in the late 1970s, by which time none of the Levantines lived there anymore. His host was the son of a Greek whose family came from Istanbul, and moved to Toulon in France. Andrew ‘André the Frenchman’ Hadzopoulos grew up and was educated in France, was a close friend of Edward, and was best man to him in his wedding, and married a Greek lady from Mytilene, Mimi, whose family owned extensive land on the island. Andrew who is a year older than Edward has a son, Chris, who is a successful businessman. Andrew made his money in a company he founded, as a distributor of Hachette and British press books through ‘Hellenic distribution’. Edward mentioned of his stay at the Elliapoulos house 30 years previously, and on hearing this, Christopher insisted they find the house. When they did find it Chris rang the doorbell, was greeted by the friendly owners who showed them around and to Edward’s amazement, nothing was touched and everything was in immaculate condition.

A Boudjah family were the Gandons, brothers Cecil, Kenneth and sister Phoebe, and their father and Kenneth were involved in the Smyrna gas company. Edward knows that after WWI, Kenneth worked for a gas company in London. This family were friends and related to the de Jonghs. Kenneth married Mollie de Jongh, sister of Edward de Jongh’s father, and had one son John Gandon who recently revised Brian de Jongh’s guide to Greece, and lives in Kent.

 Note: John Gandon was kind enough to send me newspaper obituaries of John Gandon on which the following information is based. John Gandon died aged 54 while he was still the engineer and manager of the Ottoman gas company, to which position he was appointed in 1890, succeeding Mr H. W. Andrews, who then became consulting engineer in London to the company. After his education he became a pupil of his father, Charles Gandon, at the then Crystal palace district gas company. He had left Smyrna the year before for Athens for business reasons, but couldn’t return because of the naval blockade in effect during WWI. He therefore came to England, leaving his eldest son, Cecil in charge of the works at Smyrna. His younger son, Kenneth, is engaged at the south suburban gas company works. His widow, Catherine Louisa died in 1934. An earlier family obituary, that of James Gandon, notes that the Gandons were descendants of Huguenot refugees, an interestingly common occurence in the Anglo-Levantine community.

Another former British Boudjah family were the Gordons whose wife was a Whittall.

 Note: From Yolande Whittall’s family tree (section XIII), we see that George Gordon, of Alexandria married Muriel Whittall in 1905, and of their 3 children (Hope, Douglas), the youngest was his namesake son (born 1917, married 1943), who himself had 3 children with Haydee Joan Rees.

One of the Gordon sisters married the England based Lord Catto who was the governor of the bank of England during and after WWII, and also a prominent businessman with trading activities such as with ‘Andrew Yule’, the commodities company from the far East, putting it amongst the top 100 British companies. Lady Catto was president of Women’s Volunteer Service during WWII. Some of the Whittalls benefited from this connection with good jobs, such as the Austrian Richard Fidao whose mother (May) was a Whittall, and was the manager of the India section during WWII.

 Note: From the Internet we are informed that, Lord Catto of Cairncotto CBE was governor of the bank of England between 1944-1949. From the Internet we are informed that, ‘Andrew Yule’ was started in the 1800s and the Cattos still have a stake in the company.

The sister of Lady Catto, Murial married a Whittall.
Yet another former Boudjah family were the Cookes, where the father had come to work for the Cassaba railway company. He personally knew the son Eric, a railway employee and Boudjah resident, who married Daisy Peacock, sister of Edward’s mother, Ida Peacock. Like many others the family left with the 1922 events, and they settled in the Barnes/Richmond area of London and Eric worked in the city as an accountant. They had one son, Tommy (2 years older than Edward), who was made prisoner of war in the Middle East during the war, and later was employed by the Catoni firm in Istanbul, as late as the 1970s.

The Cumberbatch were an old Smyrna family some of whose members became British consuls in Izmir, and Cynthia Hill, who Mr de Jongh knows from Athens, had a Cumberbatch mother, and the Hill family were prominent in Athens. This lady continues to live in Greece and Richmond in London.

Another former Smyrna family were the Hadkinsons who Mr de Jongh believes represented locally an insurance company (Royal Exchange). The last he heard, Mr Henry Hadkinson, a contemporary of his, lived in Paris and 10 years ago his name was still in the telephone directory.

Smyrna born Ladislav ‘Lalo’ de Jabo, was a charming person who made his home in Athens after the fire. Prior to that, the family were involved in running a shopping arcade off Frank street, in downtown Smyrna. He was also employed by the American tobacco company and when he moved to Greece, he was for many years a manager in that company. His sisters took great pride (full of airs) in their Polish and supposedly aristocratic roots despite being English speakers, one Yvonne was a spinster and the other Marika married an American named Morris, who was later to become consul-general in Greece.

Edward remembers talk of the 3 beautiful girls of the Löchner family, who would have been his parents’ age. 1 of them married a German background Siefelder, brought up in Smyrna but who lived in Athens later. Siefelder’s mother married one of the richest men in Greece, though not an aristocrat, by the name of Retsina. Siefelder and Löchner has a son Herbert Siefelder who was a good friend of Edward, and he later moved to Corfu, and later contact was lost.

Another Boudjah family were the Reeds who were related to the Blacklers and Patersons. The later two families were also directly related. Daphne Manussis who was nee a Blackler, and a close friend of the Tower family, inherited the Blackler house in Kiffissa near Athens and continued to live in the summer on the island of Skiathos, until her recent passing in 2004.

 Note: The father of Daphne Manussis, Willie Blackler, sold up the Buca property for good around 1950 (date according to neighbour Antoine Karakulak), as he lived since 1922 in Kiffissa except during WWII when they were in South Africa.

Mr de Jongh was extremely fond of Willie and Va Blackler, and remembers well in the 1930s piling in their even then old Talbot car to picnic on the Marathon side of Attica (Athens county). Willie Blackler was related to the Patersons and their daughter Daphnee and and the late wife of Mr de Jongh, Mable were distant cousins through the Reed family. He remembers last seeing Mr Blackler in Kenya in 1948 where he was venturing in a Coca-cola bottling plant, in which Mr de Jongh was not able to become a partner, as he could not get a visa. Edward believes the Barff family of Boudjah, a family only familiar to him in name, were also related to the Blacklers.

Edward observes that there were ‘masses’ of people with non-Greek names living in Athens, such as the famous actress Melina Mercuri, an Italian surname, yet her grand-father was an imposing mare of Athens, and her father was a left wing minister in parliament. Presumably of German origin, ‘Taki’ (pet name of his Dimitros) Horn was the best known actor in his time (about 6 years Edward’s junior), and considered by everybody including Edward as Greek. His brother Yannis ran the English newspaper, ‘the Athens news’. The Smyrna Italians the Baltazzis were also considered Greek, as well as the Carere (uncorrupted name probably Carrara, friends of Edward’s parents) family who moved from Smyrna to Corfu after WWI. The Negropontes, one of whose descendants (John Negroponte) has occupied key positions in the American government, were Latins from the Black sea (Odessa?), but were already Greek when they had moved to Greece. Even the very un-Greek sounding surname De Jongh was considered by the natives to be a Greek name, albeit pronounced somewhat differently. Edward feels in contrast to the Smyrna Levantines, the relatively small gap in the religion with the natives allowed for an efficient assimilation (most with time became Orthodox), preventing the development of a Levantine culture in Greece.

Another Boudjah émigré was Alec Issigonis whose father and the father of Mr de Jongh, Eddie, were close friends and shared a passion of up keeping their great gardens in Boudjah, for which no expense was spared including importing Italian gardeners. Alec Issigonis came to the UK worked for the Morris motor company, designed the Morris minor car, for which he was knighted (1969) and his biography has been published as a book (‘Alec Issigonis’ written by Andrew Nahum and published by the design council in 1988). He died a bachelor within the past 15 years (1988 Birmingham).

 Note: The Internet informs us, Alec Issigonis – designer, engineer, visionary – was born in Smyrna 1906, his father was a naturalised British subject of Greek descent who had married the daughter of a wealthy Bavarian brewer with a branch brewery in Smyrna, ran a marine engineering business with his brother and Alec soon developed a talent for this subject. In the evacuation following the fire, Alec’s father died en route in Malta and the family arrived in 1922 in a destitute state in England. Later on in the early 40s, Issigonis designed the Morris minor, which first ran in 1947 and within 11 years 1 million were sold, the first British car to pass that mark. Connected to his love of working in a small team, he was dubbed the ‘ironmonger’, and his motto, now somewhat part of the English language, was ‘less is more’. In 1959 he designed the ‘Mini’, the first sketch supposedly on a table cloth in a restaurant waiting for the service, and is still in production after more than 30 years. Originally designed in response to the Suez energy crisis (1956) and the popularity of Germany’s Volkswagen Beetle, the boxy, inexpensive, fuel efficient Mini used a traverse engine to power its front wheels, a radical design at the time, and thus could comfortably seat 4 passengers despite being only 3 m. long. By the late 1980s more than 5 million had been sold. Even today the altered version of this car is in full production in Britain and was voted car of the year in the Detroit car show of 2003 (Jan), a first for Britain in this venue. More details and portrait photo on & here. From a Turkish web site we are informed that an ‘Issigonis’ steel works was founded in Punta in 1854, probably the same family. According to another web site Alec Issigonis is credited with introducing the word ‘mini’ to the English language, a word used extensively in the following decade to indicate the shortness of a skirt.

Mr de Jongh was also acquainted with some members of the Smyrna émigrés who made Beirut their new home. A gentleman from the Joly family, whose first name escapes him, ran one of the British companies there, a dealership for the agricultural vehicles firm John Deere. The last time they met was at the initial stages of the Lebanese civil war, and Mr Joly told him that unlike other expatriates he would stay. One of those who left was the late Ogusta ‘Gus’ Catonis whose related descendants, the Beards, still run the ‘Catoni’ haulage firm in Istanbul (web site includes information on family history). Hugh Beard ran the Alexandretta (İskenderun) branch of the McAndrew’s and Forbes liquorice factory between around 1920 and post WWII. Mr Beard had a house in Alexandretta and Beirut, where the rest of the Beard family had moved to post 1922. After WWII and at least till 1950s the fine house in Alexandretta was used as a base for family holidays. The grandson of the Hugh, Jonathan Beard, still resides in Istanbul. Edward spent a night at the Beards house in 1947, while visiting that port city.

 Note: France had an interest in the strategically important port of Alexandretta which together with Antioch was a protectorate which after a plebiscite descided to join Turkey in 1939.

10 years ago Edward enquired in a library on a book by the former Bornova resident Cecil Cadoux. He knew that the gentleman kept notes on Smyrna and his Boudjah family past, and a name matching his was in the London phone book. However he was somewhat disappointed when the book turned out to be of a religious nature. Nevertheless Mr de Jongh has the gentleman’s previous book in his collection, ‘Ancient Smyrna’ published in Oxford 1938, in which he expressed his wish to publish a book on recent Smyrna, a wish that seems to have not been realised.

One of the hazy memories Mr de Jongh has of his adolescence was hiding in the cellar of their house in Boudjah, with others in the household, during WWI against the possibility of aerial bombardment from the then British occupied island of Imbros [Gökçeada](~200 km to the north), and his father was used, for a short time after the initial bombardment, as a human shield by being made to sleep at an ammunition dump. At aged 2, this was Edward’s earliest memory, and he remembers he could hear both the planes and bombs. At a later age he also remembers his father calling Compton MacKenzie, head of Aegean Intelligence based at Imbros at the time, ‘a fool for wasting his time bombing the city’. Even more remarkable is Edwards memory (when he was 2-4) of family trips to the cinema in Boudjah, where the silent movies, all from Italy, were shown, with the great star of the time being Francesca Bertini, and other stars whose name he can remember are the actress Pina Menichelli, and the actor Tulio Calvenati. Returning around 9-10 o’clock in the evening, Edward can remember being carried on the shoulders of his father who held in his hand an acetylene lamp used in the cinema salon to keep the family warm in the winter chill.

 Note: This cinema is mentioned in the book of the village written by Nikos Kararas, viewable here.

Other happy memories were of his time living in the house of the farm his father (Edward David) had bought in 1920. Situated in the then city extremity of İnciraltı (Sikies in Greek meaning fig trees) [click here for a view of the beach in 1950], it was a fruit and vegetable farm on the beach overlooked by the twin peaks of the ‘twin sisters’, an idyllic location the family could only briefly enjoy as 2 years later they had to depart with the 1922 events. Edward recalls as a little boy walking around together with his father in the grounds at night, as he was told of stars and planets and things, and hearing the cries of hyenas shrieking out in the countryside of the hills in the interior. The 17 acres were sold for £400 in 1923. The area was later to become the local bathing spot for the city until increasing marine pollution in the 60s made it unpleasant till today. A photograph in the collection of Mr de Jongh, shows the 2 storied partially built stone building (long ago destroyed) with a family group spread out on the terrace, including his mother’s mother Evelyn Peacock (a de Jongh) who married James Peacock who as a youngster came to Turkey as a railwayman and later was to be a chief engineer in the British run Egyptian railways.

Edward remembers wandering the farm as a young boy of 5 or so, and he already knew by heart the popular Greek songs of Smyrna, as he would sing some of these from the fig trees for amusement. These old time serenades were known as ‘Politaki’, meaning the music of the big city, referring to Constantinople. One very popular one he still remembers is:

Yalo, yalo, pienamé kolo ya sena legamé
Sona fro, yegapimu salasa kimaté
Mi mutiné ksepnaté
[We used to go to the sea and we used to talk about you,
on the froth of the sea, my love is sleeping,
don’t wake her up.]

During the 1922 events this Sikies farm house was completely looted, including the plants in the garden that were uprooted. What they couldn’t take such as the kitchen sink was broken and the psychological effect for Edward’s parents was devastating. The big Boudjah house was only partly looted, all furniture and many minor items were left and before the event Edward’s mother and grandmother tried to hide valuables within the house. Edward thinks the looting here was not done by the newly arrived Turkish troops but opportunist locals, some possibly employed in the past by the family, so had inside knowledge of contents. Many of the various surviving items of this house are scattered with descendants and Edward still has in his possession 2 chairs and the plate service that was used in this house.

Edward has few recollections of the Boudjah house as he had to leave it when he was so young, but remembers a tandour, the traditional Ottoman heated table, that saw people huddled around it in cold winter evenings.

Traumatic memories were of the 1922 events, when Edward’s grandfather, Henry de Jongh, insisted on his son and family leaving the farm for the relative safety of the big house in Boudjah, with the approach of the chetes [Turkish irregulars]. Ironically safety was not to be found there as uncle Oscar de Jongh and wife Cleofe, were tragically killed by the Turkish forces. They were shot by the vanguard of the Turkish cavalry, as they tried to protect one of their Greek maids. Then grandfather made arrangements with his partner Johnny Rees to evacuate the family to the Rees yacht the ‘Mingary’, to which they went first by motorcar then by boat. From the yacht Edward remembers seeing a group of advancing Turkish troops involved in a firefight on the bare hillside possibly around Bayraklı. Edward remembers that in childhood excitement, he wetted his pants, but no adult scolded him for it, confirming to his child’s mind that some tragic events of epic proportions were unfolding. The family left the yacht a short time later to land on the quay of the then chaotic Smyrna. This had to be done to be transferred to the British hospital ship, the ‘Maine’, where they were given cabins and left 2 days before the great fire. The trip to Malta was uneventful. The ‘Mingary’ made its own way to England with daughter of Oscar de Jongh, Marika with her son to join her husband Mr Douglas Fraser in England. It was from Mr Fraser that Edward got a photograph of the yacht still in his possession. A few Levantines stayed in Smyrna, including Henry de Jongh (Edward’s father’s brother) who being a young bachelor elected to stay in the big house, and did the rudimentary arrangements for the burial of his brother Oscar and his wife.

During their time in Malta 1922-3, because his grandfather was wealthy, they were not placed in a refugee camp like the majority but stayed in a posh hotel in Valetta (the capital). Amongst the guests of this hotel were the ‘3 Whittall boys’. One of these boys was later to grow up to be a successful businessman in London, Donald. The mischiefness of these boys placed Edward in a lot of trouble as he was falsely accused of ‘watering’ the guests below a balcony. He was the son of Lily nee Gout, sister of John Gout, the Boudjah family Mr de Jongh’s parents knew well. John Gout married Marian de Jongh, sister to Evelyn and Henry de Jongh who was Mr de Jongh’s grandfather. They had 3 sons, Wilfred, Geoffrey and Cecil.

 Note: From Willem Daniels’ family tree we have exact details for these: Marian de Jongh married John Gout circa 1879. They had in actual fact 6 children, Wilfred was the third child, Geoffrey the fifth, there is no Cecil. The first was Percival James, second Henry, the fourth Ethel, and sixth Rhoda ‘Dodo’ Gout.

The Gout family was extensively spread across the Levant, and another member of the family Edward was familiar with was Vivian Duveluz Gout, who was in India during the war, married an English woman and later remarried a German / Scandinavian, a country he is likely to be still living in today, if alive, as he would be in his 90s.

Edward’s grandfather Henry de Jongh was handsome and a shrew businessman who worked with the Rees family, based in Athens during WWI. He spoke fluent Greek. His family (wife and girls) spent the war years in Bath, England. His son (Edward’s father Eddie) stayed in Smyrna looking after business interests there. After WWI grandfather decided to retire to the South of France, as a pleasant place to be. He rented a house in Nice, stayed there for a while, enjoying the promenades and casinos, but later decided this wasn’t for them.

The De Jongh family then spent some time in Menton, South of France, then drifting to Patras [postcard views] in Greece where there was already a long-standing British merchant community, with surnames Edward can remember such as Morphy, Crow and Prichard. This last family emigrated to New Zealand while the De Jongh family was still (1923~1927) in this port city, and the others gradually moved to Athens, as according to Edward, ‘they got bored’. Edward’s father Eddie ran a wood-importing firm with fellow Smyrnaian, Théo Tarazzi based in this city. After this interim, the De Jongh family also made Athens their new home, as father Eddie had a new job; the chief accountant of the Laïs hosiery factory. Earlier Eddie had been to King’s College, Canterbury for his education. The firm was sold after the Second World War.

In the 1920s grandfather Henry de Jongh built a big pallatial house in the then Athens suburb of Psihiko, which had enormous terraces, big dining room, reception hall, library, 7 bedrooms with ensuite bathrooms etc., enough space for all the 7 children. By the time he died in 1935 (aged 72 of cancer) the children had married and gone off, and for grandmother this house was not practical so it was sold off immediately. The buyers were a Greek family from England, and later The Crown Prince of Greece wanted to buy it from them, but was unsuccessful. It was later sold to the South Africans who converted it to their embassy and later the Chinese who used it for the same purpose. After grandfather’s death, his widow Dora had a smaller lovely villa built nearby (a mile away) in which she lived most of the rest of her life, which lasted until the 1960s. This house was then sold to a prominent Greek ship builder. Edward believes this charming villa concealed by trees is still standing.

Another friend of Mr de Jongh’s family was Louisa Langdon who married Reggie Stokes who worked for the successful Oriental Carpet Manufacturers company before 1922. After this period the company was relocated to Greece where he continued to work for it as a manager until the business packed up in the 1930s. Reggie had 2 very pretty daughters, Winnie and the younger being Margaret and Winnie married an army officer during the war years. They lived in London during the war and had a pretty terrace house in Chelsea off King’s Road. The last Mr de Jongh knew, Second World War years, Reggie lived in a humble house at Hatchend in London. Another Levantine associated with the oriental carpet manufacturers was Albert De Portu, who was 2 or 3 years older than Edward, and was brought up as an Englishman and sent to Oxford to study. The De Portu family was very wealthy and they had offices in London, and a beautiful villa on the quay at Smyrna. Albert married one of the Fidao twins and they lived in Monaco. Last time Edward saw Mr De Portu was around 40 years ago in Monte Carlo, by which time he had made a permanent move out of Smyrna. Thus the De Portu family was one of the few Levantines to remain in Smyrna till the 1950/60s.

 Note: From the Fidao family tree, formerly (2003-5) placed on-line by Lloyd Fidao, we see that Albert De Portu (born 1912) married Peachi Fidao, and they had 3 children. Peachi (didn’t have a twin, but an elder sister) was the daugher of Smyrna born Joseph Fidao (1882-1970) and Dagmar Jedermann, and Joseph was one of the 8 children of Charles Fidao (1838-1922) and Marchesa Maria Giustiani. Charles in turn was one of the 4 offspring of Andre Fidao (1803-1871), the first Fidao to settle in Smyrna who married a local lady, Anna Mirzan.
Fellow contributor Fabio Tito informs us that Albert De Portu was the son of Pietro De Portu, who was in turn the son of Jacques De Portu.

A prominent character of the post 1922 British community was Alithea Whittall. The strength of character of this lady is confirmed by Edward de Jongh who personally knew this lady to which like many others he was devoted. She was a great raconteur and initially started nursing voluntarily in earthquake zones in Turkey, an amazing feat of bravery for a Western lady in those days, and no doubt unlike many of her community knew enough Turkish to get by. Asked by Edward how her party of volunteers relieved themselves on the long train journeys to the hinterland, as in those days on-board toilets didn’t feature, she explained melon sellers were at most stops, and these when hollowed out made perfect receptacles, which could then be jettisoned out of the window to dispose of its new contents. Her feisty ways were revealed to Edward when she brazenly walked across the customs officials in Alexandretta in the 1940s with a diamond studded broach on her dress, clearly against the strict regulations as her companion in that long train journey from Izmir had to remove the few bits of gold, before going abroad. Alithea was from the British Williamson family of Smyrna and had married Fred Whittall in his older age, the only rich local Whittall with interests in Ceylon such as transport (prestigiously representing P&O) and tea. The Whittalls there had Scottish partners, the Urquhart family, and Edward was able to stay in touch with Alistair Urquhart who had like him later emigrated to Australia, becoming a successful stock broker. Edward last met up with Alithea in 1948 in their summer house in Troodos mountains in Cyprus, a mountain ski resort with idyllic views. Edward believes Alithea and her sister Grace were relations of his mother, who referred to these ladies as aunt, however he hasn’t been able to establish a definite link yet.

 Notes: 1- From the Whittall family tree book, page 68, we see that Frederick James Whittall married (his second) Alithea Williamson in 1922.
2- From the web we see the follow on agents/managers for the Herthersett tea plantation were the MacAndrews, possibly related to the famous Smyrna based liquorish concern MacAndrew and Forbes.
3- These Williamson sisters were nurses at the English nursing home in Smyrna at the time of the fire and associated events, and their vivid diary was provided to me by a family descendant. At a later date (2006), from a different descendant, contents of Grace Williamson’s earlier diary, covering the WWI years was provided, viewable here, and present day of location of this nursing home viewable here:

Another Smyrna born London resident and friend of Mr de Jongh, is the recently late (died May 2002, aged 90s), Teddy Whittall who was the London manager of the Van der Zee shipping line.

Edward de Jongh spent the period of the Second World War as a volunteer in the Princess Irene Brigade that represented the Free Dutch Forces that fought alongside the Allies. Amongst the photographs in Edward’s collection is one showing him in uniform with Prince Bernard of Holland beside, visiting the unit in their base in England in the summer of 1943. In the ensuing long conversation between these two, the Prince mentioned he was aware of the presence of the De Jongh family in the Levant, and indicated that a distant ancestor was a member of the Levant (Dutch) Company. However Edward cannot find sources to place a name to this De Jongh, and suspects the Dutch Levant Company connection is not founded.

A comrade of Edward in the Princes Irene brigade, whom he was close to, was Teddy van der Zee. The Van der Zee family were well established in Egypt with the ‘Euxine shipping company’ that ran cruise ships along the Nile, where they made their money and they had branches in Athens and Smyrna, where they were also merchants. Teddy’s mother was Janet who was a Giraud (the other offspring being daughter Wendy), and Janet was the daughter of Anna Purser (grandmother De Jongh’s sister). Teddy did not stay long in the brigade as he applied for the air force, however he died almost immediately after he got his permit to fly. Ida Beard, who had a flat in Hammersmith, London was very kind to all Smyrna recruits, who looked up to her as a mother figure. She gave shelter in her flat to Teddy, Edward and his wife, and others and it broke her heart when the charming Teddy died. Geoffrey de Jongh, the son of Eric de Jongh, also applied to the air force was also killed, again not in combat but in an air crash. Unfortunately Geoffrey had married shortly before and his heartbroken wife was carrying a baby when he died. The child, Geoffrey David de Jongh, grew up to be a charming man who worked for a chemical company in Holland. Edward also considered applying for the air force but the shockingly high mortality rate, made him give up the idea. Ida’s son Hugh was in education during the early stages of the war, but towards the end, he joined the air force. A cousin of Edward, Emeric de Jongh was also in the Brigade but spent the war as a guard soldier for the Dutch consulate in the Vatican. A name Edward remembers from the brigade was ‘Turco’ Westerling, a Dutch Levantine from Istanbul, with whom Edward was able to speak in Smyrna Greek. He served as a commando and on a special mission to post-war Indonesia, against nationalistic rebels but also outside the remit of orders; he raised a personal army from local recruits, causing front line news in Holland, as he was good at his job but also tough enough to carry out executions. Edward met his very pretty wife who was a war nurse caring for him when convalescing from a non-war injury in a hospital in the English midlands, but noticed she was sick with worry as Raymond Westerling ignored her for months, not informing her of his whereabouts.

Eric de Jongh, the son of Oscar John de Jongh, was a charming, outgoing person with a sense of humour and the most popular de Jongh in Smyrna, highly thought of in business who worked for a time for the Reeses. Eric originally married in the 1910s, but divorced before WWII, a lady from Smyrna of Armenian background, Eva Sadjian, a lady of extraordinary beauty, with whom he had 2 children, Geoffrey and Winifred. Eva accompanied the British Attaché to Greece and his wife in the evacuation of that country in WWII, and would mesmerize onlookers with her sultry dark looks even in early morning rising out of her tent in Crete, on route to Egypt. She later remarried an American diplomat, Arthur Parsons. Winnie de Jongh married the Greek named Skouras, whose brother was a rich Greek cinema moghul, however during the German occupation of Greece, he was rounded up in a group of 17, held hostage and shot as the Germans considered him an enemy. Winnie continues to live in Greece and California, spending most of her time in Corfu, where she has a beautiful villa.

On his return to Izmir just after the Second World War, Mr de Jongh was aware of a tiny community of Greeks who had returned to the city though he estimates the number couldn’t have exceeded 100 families. One of the Greeks most popular amongst the community of Boudjah was Dimitro Defterigo, who was a friend of Mr de Jongh’s father. Together with his wife Marianthe, they ran the local restaurant (pre 1922) known locally as the ‘lokanta’ (Turkish / Italian word for restaurant) together with a hotel and their only son named Mano. The establishment was named after him, as ‘Manoli’. Mano married a member of the rich and local aristocratic Baltacci family and together with his mother they all left for Alexandria in Egypt where he worked for the Rees family’s shipping line. The mother died during the war years and Mano continued working possibly till the confiscation of the company in 1956. They lived in a beautiful villa in the European quarter of the city, Stanley bay, overlooking a beach. During the war, Edward was able to stay in this villa, and was able to briefly see his relative Fred de Jongh who worked for the Rees shipping line. Fred was Edward’s father’s first cousin, and his father was known as ‘Diko’ (one of those Smyrniot Greek style shortenings) for Richard. Family legend has it that he had an affair with a peasant Greek girl, and her angry brothers kidnapped Fred, threatened to kill him, unless he married, which he did, and was happy together with her, with whom he had children. He was a fat but jovial character, and Edward has fond memories of sharing jokes with him on his veranda at his house just outside Alexandria. ‘Diko’s’ other son, Dick worked for the ‘Lais’ factory in Greece.

 Note: According to Alec Baltazzi, Mano Defterigo married his father’s sister, Maria Baltazzi and later they both died in Alexandria.

Mr de Jongh feels unlike the Levantines and Greeks of Smyrna, Alexandria produced a higher proportion of writers and poets as the two populations intermingled better, exchanging cultures (note: this theory is somewhat supported by the book ‘the Mediterranean in history’ that has the following paragraphs covering the city). Cavafy was a well known Alexandria Greek poet born in that city in 1863 from Istanbul Greek parents, whose money came from a merchant family of Greeks from Manchester. Edward has in his possession 2 books one in original Greek which he can read and one translated to English by Rae Delwyn.

 Note: The most prominent Smyrna born Greek poet, George Seferis (1900-1971) won the Nobel prize for literature in 1963, and like other Turkish born Greeks of repute, he is mostly unknown in Turkey.

One of the few Greeks who was able to mix in with the Bornova Levantine community was a Xenopoulos, who owned the biggest and most frequented shop on Frank street. He married a lady from the Belhomme family. Their daughter Hélène was a good friend of Edward and Mr De Jabo in Greece, in the 1930s, who found her a person of great wit. She married a Frenchman Armand, and kept the surname even after their divorce.

 Note: Hélène Armand is mentioned in a trade association web site, which details this UNESCO employee as restoring the Belhomme house, (apparently built by an English architect Clark in 1880), with her own funds, in the 1980s. The address of this imposing property (see photo) is given as no: 34 Fevzi Çakmak cad.

Another Smyrna Greek family who were contrary to traditions, considered to be Levantine, were the Allevras. A lady of this family married into the Joly family of Smyrna. The Allevras and De Jonghs were close and this relationship was maintained after their migration to Athens post 1922. Stello Allevra was the figure-head who managed ‘Lais’ the De Jongh family business. His younger brother Alec married his cousin, from the Joly family [Joyce, born 1904] and was the private secretary to Johnny Rees till the Second World War, when he moved to South Africa.

The ‘Lais’ hosiery firm was set up in Athens by Edward’s grandfather Henry de Jongh, however before that venture, he worked with another Smyrna emigré Theo Terazzi who was a timber importer. When in a later visit to Athens (1970s-80s), Edward noticed a Greek commercial sign for the firm of Terazzi and sons, suggesting the business was maintained by his sons. Other emigrés had other businesses, Willie Blackler was a distiller’s agent, a lucrative position to be as the representative of Brewer’s whiskey. Edward cannot remember the business of the Bari family, whose wife was one of the 3 sisters of the Smyrna German Löhner family. They had a son and a daughter, the daughter later married an American.

A Boudjah Greek family recalled by Edward were the Lorandos, who were poor in the village, but rose to become prominent in Greece after their move. Nicolas Lorando was considered the best doctor in Greece, and in the 40s and 50s was the manager of the biggest hospital in Athens, the Evangelismos.

Without doubt the most prominent Boudjah Greek was Aristotle Onassis, though Edward learnt about this later on. When in Greece, Onassis told Athens resident Ann Haydn that before 1922 he knew Edward’s grandfather Henry de Jongh, who when asked by young Onassis, offered him employment as an office boy in his business. This is not a family story and Henry never got to know how famous Onassis was to become. Ann Haydn was the daughter of Cecil Haydn who managed the American tobacco company in Athens after 1922 (Note: he may have been Edmund’s brother referred to in Al Simes’ testimony). Ann worked as the confidential secretary of a Greek from Smyrna, Costati Mariniris, who was a friend of Edward before the war. Costati’s sister married a rich ship owner, a company to which Costati was to have a stake as a partner. After the war, Costati left for the USA and with the death of his partner, he became the manager of the shipping line. Ann Haydn married several times and for a long time lived on the island of Rhodes. Edward asked this lady the origin of the name Haydn, which he thought was not at all English. The response given by Ann Haydn was that her great-grand father who came to Smyrna was a good violin player and would be cheered by the enthusiastic crowd in the lingua Franca of the time, in Greek, ‘pekse Haydn’ [play Haydn] and the story goes, this composer’s surname was adopted by this gentleman (originally a Smith) and his descendants. However this story may also be a false legend.

The Levantines lived in a cocktail of languages where Greek was always important. It seems some Turkish words were rendered in a Greek sounding sort of way by the Levantines, as having a party was often referred to ‘kuvardaliki’, probably a corruption of the Turkish word ‘kıvırtmak’, equating to dancing in a belly dancing manner (also used in slang as bending the facts and usually ascribed to a manner that would be done by a fickle woman).

Yachting was important to the wealthier Levantines and for some it was a way of life. From the Rees family there were people such as Tommy [1897-1944, steam yatch Latharna] and Freddie [1908-1965, steam yacht Valdora], and Harry Giraud [1872-1962, whose daughter Haydee married John Langdon Rees, yacht name Lillias], would spend their time between Çeşme [Lice], the nearby island of Chios and the small scenic port near Pireaus, Turcolimano [Turkish port]. Fred, the youngest of the brothers actually lived on the island of Chios. Harry Giraud’s yacht was a former America’s cup yacht bought second hand, whose tall mast had to be cut down to size as it would be too dangerous to handle by regular sailors. The charmed floating lifestyle on these yachts continued through the 1930s and had certain tax advantages.

The wealthier Levantines were also keen on horse racing and though the later generations didn’t show as much enthusiasm for it, Henry de Jongh would compete in the races at Paradiso near Boudjah and Edward was told by elders that the cap and blouse colours of the jockey were pink and grey.

Another Istanbul émigré was Mr Sydney Nowell, who arrived in Greece around 1920, opened a shop in Athens which stocked luxury items such as Sheffield silver. Sydney was more an acquaintance of Edward’s father. The shop closed down during the Second World War, reopened on a smaller scale after the war, however closed shortly afterwards. The unrelated Noel family have extensive land holdings on the island of Evia, however their surname is now double-barrelled (Noel-Baker) through marriage.

Edward had little contact with the Istanbul Levantine community that stayed on post 1922, safe for a brief visit to the city when visiting the Stevens in the 40s. He was aware the city was the home for the likes of Ian ‘boy’ Whittall who worked for the Whittall company there, and Donald Riddle who in his 30s was a successful businessman, who had made a lot of money. Edward believes Mr Riddle who had 2 sisters (Lillian and Muriel) also in the city, was originally from Smyrna, was well known and liked by the ‘Smyrniote’ Levantines.

Mr de Jongh believes Prince and Princess Borghese were not residents of Boudjah, however they might have temporarily rented property, and Princess Valerie Borghese was from the old Dutch Smyrna Levantine, Keun family. She was a first cousin to Mr de Jongh’s late wife’s mother. The Borghese family are an old aristocratic Rome family, who have supplied a pope in the 16th century and are known by the Borghese gardens. Mr de Jongh believes their sons and grandsons still live in Rome.

 Notes: 1 -From the Feyyaz Erpi book of testimonies we learn that the property in Buca after their departure in the 1920s was overlooked by an opium merchant, Hermann A. Keun, who probably was a close relation to Valerie Keun.
2- The Borghese family tree covering the above generations is viewable here:

I was able to get more information from a contact in Rome, Ms Fiorella Rossi, whose mother was a good friend of Princess Valerie Borghese. ‘The first name of the prince who married Valerie was Camillo and they had 3 children, Flavio, Valerio, Virginio, all of whom have now passed away. Prince Valerio was at the head of the crack naval commando unit that fought on the fascist side following the split in Italian forces in 1943. This force known as ‘Flottiglia Mas X’ was very successful led by its ‘enigmatic’ leader, crippling many British vessels.

 Note: Details of the wartime activities of this individual can be accessed under: and for details of a series of daring operations see here, that also mentions a book ‘Sea devils’ written by Valerio Borghese.

The new generation still lives in the Borghese palace, a beautiful building in the very centre of Rome. However Valerie lived her last years alone in a hotel and not at the palace, but this was common practice for wealthy widows not wanting to be burdened by running an extensive house.

The ‘original’ de Jongh of Smyrna, John established a newspaper aimed at the foreign community of Smyrna, the ‘Impartial’ whose editor was A. Edwards. Edward is aware that this gentleman was very wealthy, lived in Paris, and was close to the artists’ scene there. A considerable amount of information can be found about Mr Edwards as he was married for a time to a lady with considerable influence in the Parisian musical and artistic circle. Her name was Misia Sert, nee Godebska who was a noted beauty and was painted many times by the likes of Toulouse-Lautrec and Renoir. Her colourful life is vividly portrayed in the biography Misia, by Arthur Gold and Robert Fizdale (New York, Knopf, 1980) details and at least 8 pages are devoted to Mr Edwards and his liaison with his wife. Alfred Edwards was born in 1850, whose mother was from the French Levantine Caporal family based then in Istanbul (descendants still live in Izmir), became the owner-editor of Le Matin in Paris for 11 years and was a large share holder in the equally influential Le Figaro. He had a reputation as a bit of a playboy. Edward intends to re-establish contact with the grand nieces of A. Edwards with the view of eliciting further information and possibly a copy of the ‘Impartial’ newspaper.

 Note: There is scope for further research on the various foreign papers, and characters involved. One line of investigating could be by examining letters kept in Durham library where both John de Jongh and Anthony Edwards letters are retained.

The Clarkes were an important British family of Smyrna till after WWII, one of the few British families to stay on, and ran a fig packing business and the name ‘Clarkes’ could be seen on dried fig packages in England until at least 20 years ago.

 Note: There is still a Patrick Clarke based in Izmir carrying on this trade, and listed in the Turco-Italian chamber of commerce site, that includes in its listing a few other Levantine traders of the city.

The Clarkes were always considered in the Levantine lingo of ‘Punkiot’, a somewhat snobby label attached to Alsancak (from Punta) based Levantines by the cliquey Bornova Levantines, who considered their neighbourhood more high class.

From family talk, Edward is able to paint a picture for the circumstances for the initial move of John de Jongh to the Levant. A Robert Wilkinson was a trader in Greenwich near London in 1790s or a little before. Edward’s great-grandfather married his sister Mary Esther in 1791, and the two men were in business together. Robert Wilkinson left for Smyrna at the turn of the 18th and 19th century as a consul for Smyrna and persuaded John to go to Smyrna. Robert, John’s business partner, was Treasurer of the Levant Company in Smyrna. John came via the island of Chios as he was involved in the trade of the chief export of that island, mastic, a tree sap that was a major substitute for sugar in those days whose pleasant taste made it much used for the manufacture of sweets that supposedly whitened the teeth and freshened the breath of the ladies of the Ottoman court. The transport of the mastic to Constantinople was the mainstay of the business of these partners. In Smyrna he became a consul for Denmark that can only explained by some prior contact with that nation. Before going to Smyrna he lived for about 10 years in Hamburg, a major trading port in northern Germany, where he no doubt developed trading contacts with Denmark and possibly did some visits.

Glimpses of an even earlier family past are from recalled tales of Edward’s mother, which suggests the De Jongh family spent a few (at least 2, in her words) generations in Scotland, before John de Jongh’s move to Smyrna. This may help explain why John de Jongh’s mother was a ‘Scot’. Apparently like many other seafaring venturers of Holland at the time, the major menace was the (Barbary?) pirates plying the sea lanes in the English Channel. So from the 15^th century onwards until by around the 17^th when British maritime power drives away this menace, the sea route for trade with Britain was the tortuous way up the North Sea, and hooking via Western Scotland. Some vessels may have sank in the area of Mingary castle, the seat of the Duke of Argyle. There is the possibility that the shipwrecked De Jongh family members allied themselves with this Scottish nobleman and assisted him in his many clan wars prevalent at the time, but kept their Dutch nationality. Old family lore has it that there are still De Jongh descendants living in the far-flung Hebridian islands.

 Notes: 1-From further glimpses of the extent of trade between Holland and Scotland here:
2- A web site giving glimpses of the hardships imposed by the Barbary pirates, based on the letters of a Philip Gell, a Smyrna merchant originally from Derbyshire.
3- There is quite a sprinkling of De Jonghs in the phone listings of Britain, though not necessarily descendants of this line.

Edward believes a Smyrna Wilkinson went to Malaya where he published the first Malay-English dictionary, and was told by an official in Singapore in the 1960s that it was still the standard dictionary used.

 Note: This hunch was proved to be correct as there are references to this dictionary on the Internet, such as, where the reference is given as: Wilkinson, R.J., A Malay-English Dictionary (Romanised), MacMillan and Co., London, 1959. He was probably a close relation of the British consul for Izmir at the time, R.E. Wilkinson.

The De Jongh house in Buca that was sold to Charles Sperco at the bargain price of £4,000. He was an Italian Levantine with a major shipping line, that travelled mostly to Italy. He had offices in Northern Italy and one of his residences was in Trieste, in addition to Bornova. The Buca house was used as a summer retreat. In the 1930s he was killed with his wife as the Imperial Airways plane crashed in to Hymettus mountain shortly after taking off from Athens airport [could it be this crash, but later date, and different airline]. The shipping business was kept on to provide for their two children Bill and Vera. Vera was a childhood friend of Edward’s wife ‘Tish’ and when she had married an Englishman and emigrated to Australia, they retained contact as that was for a time their new country too.

Edward believes it was his grandfather who provided the land on which the Boudjah tennis club was situated, on the Smyrna end of the grounds of the De Jongh house. This club was active between the beginning of WWI and end of WWII, a centre of more than sport, but of revelry with drinks, and ‘liberated’ parties. These parties often started at the nearby De Jongh house, with a round of rakis, and later the brass tray on which they were served was sometimes used as an improvised sledge, the adventurous sliding down the stairways of the house helter-skelter. Bornova had its own 9 hole Golf club, another centre of Levantine activity, where Edward went to accompany his wife who was interested in the sport. Edward never went to the English club in Bornova, but knows it was still in existence in 1947.

Edward states there was no distinctive Levantine cuisine as such, but more a mixture of the East (such as mussakka and pilav rice) and West, where turkey was not only served during Christmas, but for all visitors. Wine was not as commonly consumed as today, partly because it was difficult to obtain, but raki (the traditional powerful Turkish liquor) was very popular as an evening drink. Wild boar was a welcome addition to the table, product of regular hunting expeditions by Levantines who would hunt these animals with great enthusiasm with raki to cheer and local beaters to assist in the hills, a day or 2 travelling distance from Smyrna. A home-made liquor popular with Levantines made use of the local morello cherries and damson plums, made with added sugar and pure alcohol. Edward’s grandmother continued to make cherry brandy at her home in Athens to be served to guests. Even humbler families (of all communities) took great pride in their water, and Edward remembers his father sinking wells in his property. Thus each house had its own distinctive water, and a compliment on its quality by visitors was ‘de rigueur’, who were also served a spoonful of home-made jam to accompany. Edward vaguely remembers from his early childhood of when he was 3-4, times when living in the first ‘Konak’ House, whose garden had large ‘tsikoudhies’ trees which in autumn would attract flocks of ‘begfig’ birds, smaller than quails, which were considered a delicacy by the Bucalis, and were shot for luncheon parties, consumed with pilav [rice].

A recollection of Edward is the general nature of construction of houses in Smyrna. To reduce the likelihood of collapse in earthquakes, buildings were built first in a wooden frame (to sway with the tremors), later to be filled in with masonry. For extra luck it was common for a cock to be sacrificed at the bottom of the foundation hole, and a little flag flown for a while from the top.

In Edward’s flat is the image of the De Jongh crest, however the origin of this appears long forgotten by the family at large. Edward is pretty confident the coat of arms is genuine as in the past many members of the family would wear rings with this emblem on, and Edward continuously wears his crest ring. This symbol was also embossed on the family silver plate-ware, that unfortunately was all lost in the looting associated with the turmoil of the 1922 fire. Willem Daniels’s search of Dutch archives of heraldry revealed nothing, so the crest’s story and history may be lost for good. In the same manner the Patterson family would also wear rings with their own crest on it, including Edward’s late wife.

Edward de Jongh is related to fellow contributor Willem Daniels, whose mother was Dorothy de Jongh (1893-1981), a sister of Edward’s father Edward sr. (1892-1964). Edward’s and Willem’s common grandfather is Henry de Jongh. Henry’s sister Eveline married James Peacock, and their daughter Phyllis married Edward sr. (her cousin).

Edward openly confesses he has the ‘Levant bug’ and has all along supported the project of capturing the tales and visual description of that heritage which he feels is more than idle nostalgia, but a way of connecting the old with the new generation in the spirit of an uplifting shared passion for posterity and the future.

 Note: Click here to view a simplified family tree of the De Jongh family of Smyrna, Turkey and Edward’s place in it.


interview date 2002-7